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First human civilization

 Beginning between 12,000 and 10,000 years ago, the Neolithic period saw the rise of the earliest human civilizations. Hunting and gathering gave way to sedentary agriculture and the domestication of plants and animals during this crucial time. The first civilizations emerged as permanent settlements were made possible by the advancement of agriculture.



Among the oldest civilizations that are known to exist include:


1. Sumer (about 4500 BCE):



Sumer, which is in present-day Iraq in southern Mesopotamia, is frequently recognized as one of the oldest civilizations. It created sophisticated writing systems (like cuneiform), sophisticated social institutions, and urban planning.

2. Ancient Egypt (about 3100 BCE):




After Upper and Lower Egypt were united in 3100 BCE, ancient Egypt began to emerge along the Nile River. The Egyptians created colossal buildings, learned mathematics and astronomy, and wrote in hieroglyphics.
3. The Indus Valley Civilization (about 3300 BCE):



Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa are two examples of the well-planned cities of the Indus Valley Civilization, which was centered in what is now northwest India and Pakistan. It included sophisticated drainage systems, urban design, and an untranslated script.

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4. Ancient China (around 2000 BCE):




China's ancient civilization sprang up beside the Yellow River. Many people believe that the Shang Dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BCE) was the first Chinese dynasty because of its innovations in writing (oracle bone script), metallurgy, and social structure.

5. Norte Chico (Caral-Supe) (c. 3500 BCE):




One of the earliest known civilizations in the Americas is Norte Chico, which is situated on the coast of Peru. The Caral-Supe civilization included intricate societies and enormous ceremonial centers.
It's crucial to remember that "civilization" refers to more than just the growth of settled populations and agriculture. It entails the existence of written language, sophisticated social systems, functional governments, and artistic accomplishments. The preceding instances offer an insight into the first phases of human civilization, albeit the precise chronology and definition of the first civilization are up to debate.

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